Understanding and Combatting Lassa Fever: A Deadly Threat in West Africa

- December 08, 2024

~~ Dr. Wey George Danlami Consultant-Family Physician

Lassa fever is a serious and potentially deadly viral illness caused by the Lassa virus. It was first identified in Nigeria in 1969 and is known to be endemic in several West African countries, including Benin, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.

The Lassa virus is primarily transmitted to humans through contact with food or household items that have been contaminated with urine or feces from infected rodents, particularly the Mastomys rat. Person-to-person transmission can also occur, especially in healthcare settings with poor infection control measures. The overall case fatality rate for Lassa fever is around 1%, but can be as high as 15% in severe cases.

Symptoms of Lassa fever can include fever, headache, weakness, sore throat, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In more severe cases, the virus can affect organs such as the liver, spleen, and kidneys, leading to complications such as bleeding and organ failure.

Early diagnosis of Lassa fever can be challenging, as the symptoms can be similar to other infectious diseases. Laboratory tests, including RT-PCR assays and ELISA tests, are used to confirm Lassa virus infection. There is currently no specific antiviral treatment for Lassa fever, but supportive care, including fluid management and symptom treatment, can improve outcomes.

Prevention of Lassa fever involves reducing the risk of rodent-to-human transmission by practicing good hygiene, storing food in rodent-proof containers, and keeping a clean household. In healthcare settings, strict infection control measures should be followed to prevent transmission between patients and healthcare workers. Early recognition of the disease and referral to designated treatment centers can improve survival chances.

There is currently no licensed vaccine for Lassa fever, but several candidates are in development. Researchers are also working on developing new treatment options for the disease. Travelers returning from endemic areas should be aware of the symptoms of Lassa fever and seek medical attention if they experience any concerning symptoms.

Overall, increasing awareness of Lassa fever, improving diagnostic capabilities, implementing effective prevention and control measures, and supporting research into new treatments and vaccines are crucial for reducing the impact of this potentially deadly disease.